吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。992Please respect copyright.PENANAM3yqWjPIt7992Please respect copyright.PENANAEDpyWL1uD4
992Please respect copyright.PENANAjDb2R0QyKj
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。992Please respect copyright.PENANAkV0HpaVk67
992Please respect copyright.PENANAXJ5Gf0seF9
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。992Please respect copyright.PENANAXEcPvqkt9s
992Please respect copyright.PENANAOFXFKl9x5R
992Please respect copyright.PENANAzvTxBvohKV
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。992Please respect copyright.PENANANBHCauazjF992Please respect copyright.PENANAr4ciz9bYp1
992Please respect copyright.PENANAmToNmKod5e
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。992Please respect copyright.PENANA4matEH3ush
992Please respect copyright.PENANAm3bmKvC19Y
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。992Please respect copyright.PENANAgJgXfprDJK
992Please respect copyright.PENANADAFcUsDCPb
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。992Please respect copyright.PENANA74I5m781Jt
992Please respect copyright.PENANAvBwtJpQq6G
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。992Please respect copyright.PENANAqWxRtekUPZ
992Please respect copyright.PENANAzlHzE9KnOK
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。992Please respect copyright.PENANAd9ngR3NEnr
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。992Please respect copyright.PENANAMtR6Nl7H9M
992Please respect copyright.PENANARjm9OH7nQb
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。992Please respect copyright.PENANAl3UZ1PihQv992Please respect copyright.PENANAejdNtZY3Vz
992Please respect copyright.PENANA1HN33KZBRy
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。992Please respect copyright.PENANA5szYBx1R3e
992Please respect copyright.PENANA8XQ0k66Ckn
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。992Please respect copyright.PENANAj88TBOagmq
992Please respect copyright.PENANAFxIHSGqw9I
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl992Please respect copyright.PENANAQnS4bRBwg9
綠點:CdSO4992Please respect copyright.PENANA4GqE6DGBGb
藍點:CdCO3992Please respect copyright.PENANAZFZYmei543
992Please respect copyright.PENANA5w5GiIHbAP
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。992Please respect copyright.PENANASIM6oQwlHt
992Please respect copyright.PENANASz6Loq5hnk
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。992Please respect copyright.PENANAI0HwXGjRj2992Please respect copyright.PENANAjs3OhzFUGj
992Please respect copyright.PENANAMI4DVyD9c4
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。992Please respect copyright.PENANA2zMsqSZEJ0
992Please respect copyright.PENANAFXAenagBY3
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。992Please respect copyright.PENANAH2xXEE1PPD
992Please respect copyright.PENANAhwyOROPvf9
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。992Please respect copyright.PENANAfRDJFDejBq
992Please respect copyright.PENANADKfCO3kvYE
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。992Please respect copyright.PENANABVsbxo6Mb6
992Please respect copyright.PENANAXfRBgZ81Bc
992Please respect copyright.PENANASHJ6TZFOdU
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。992Please respect copyright.PENANAEFBPkitaTP992Please respect copyright.PENANAK31u43xRou
992Please respect copyright.PENANA3uRLFsfVpc
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。992Please respect copyright.PENANAvB7uPVJQ8u
992Please respect copyright.PENANABEVDafHGuG
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。992Please respect copyright.PENANAnPiJRcBYNi
992Please respect copyright.PENANAxVB42te4TQ
992Please respect copyright.PENANAt7YP0CKNe0
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。992Please respect copyright.PENANA0QapjFmzof992Please respect copyright.PENANAGLhBIHDs0U
992Please respect copyright.PENANA0io6djeLg6
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。992Please respect copyright.PENANA9sXrZF2iPW
992Please respect copyright.PENANAwrY8ZQD2B5
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。992Please respect copyright.PENANA2EahEOcoxz
992Please respect copyright.PENANAII33xzAMGR
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc992Please respect copyright.PENANAzABCCwNVCj
992Please respect copyright.PENANA49lEogcDQR
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。992Please respect copyright.PENANAnPgXPPUK2I
992Please respect copyright.PENANAxWpQwj0EER
Link:992Please respect copyright.PENANA9hI2gu0Wd4
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio992Please respect copyright.PENANAcYKFB2XVJ2
992Please respect copyright.PENANArY0ZVzkwW0
992Please respect copyright.PENANAYTEVmK61mB
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。992Please respect copyright.PENANAHPDqYmH2lX
992Please respect copyright.PENANANTVOI62Hgl
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514992Please respect copyright.PENANAhhKqJY1kHt
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
Author:
薯仔聞茱莉

ISSUE #51
深入淺出–以化學角度審視吶喊名畫
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