吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。990Please respect copyright.PENANA7JgevsYkz8990Please respect copyright.PENANAMDgceZ3sNm
990Please respect copyright.PENANAwuJa3Xpri4
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。990Please respect copyright.PENANA5f3hrwUmB8
990Please respect copyright.PENANABQrQjxfWez
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。990Please respect copyright.PENANAcClDMqjU0x
990Please respect copyright.PENANABoaLfsdX6B
990Please respect copyright.PENANAYCXwVz9nVB
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。990Please respect copyright.PENANA50exMpPGpV990Please respect copyright.PENANAZ6B3dsH9Kp
990Please respect copyright.PENANAL9LWgTnGFh
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。990Please respect copyright.PENANA2q2t61z8vd
990Please respect copyright.PENANAn91mWjbrri
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。990Please respect copyright.PENANAx5zRwgLUwD
990Please respect copyright.PENANAtBape48qqg
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。990Please respect copyright.PENANAaPWiyG2og3
990Please respect copyright.PENANAydBWUkKwBA
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。990Please respect copyright.PENANAWfAUlqBmsG
990Please respect copyright.PENANAbuQz0FhiSq
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。990Please respect copyright.PENANAouxJpRC8Zx
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。990Please respect copyright.PENANAkwi0Owvk5h
990Please respect copyright.PENANArbtxva5KQd
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。990Please respect copyright.PENANADki7JHdpaF990Please respect copyright.PENANAWGaLdGwwbn
990Please respect copyright.PENANA7nFZFu3Si8
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。990Please respect copyright.PENANAVYExK0ZcAA
990Please respect copyright.PENANAnulV6SYuu0
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。990Please respect copyright.PENANAv4i93LYZWq
990Please respect copyright.PENANARi14ra0iN7
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl990Please respect copyright.PENANA6vbVIaPEkA
綠點:CdSO4990Please respect copyright.PENANA2JCIRb3UqW
藍點:CdCO3990Please respect copyright.PENANAwVB0yOmLBE
990Please respect copyright.PENANAsWQU8nsdF0
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。990Please respect copyright.PENANAmILbWDngQr
990Please respect copyright.PENANA70Tgz3imoJ
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。990Please respect copyright.PENANA7sOmQbpgZ0990Please respect copyright.PENANASPoQb7s3tP
990Please respect copyright.PENANAM1PrC55Hrv
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。990Please respect copyright.PENANAQ7nvi3AvNA
990Please respect copyright.PENANAUiL7dsnnyE
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。990Please respect copyright.PENANAwzna9fwi9x
990Please respect copyright.PENANA7YIrCeCOIn
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。990Please respect copyright.PENANAxSVULjebXD
990Please respect copyright.PENANAxihtBgKp8l
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。990Please respect copyright.PENANAntA1A37fLV
990Please respect copyright.PENANAxHfKtb5eJ0
990Please respect copyright.PENANA4jLGOtLFZi
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。990Please respect copyright.PENANArM6gYTx6in990Please respect copyright.PENANApo3AT0r7Gg
990Please respect copyright.PENANA9ZaKSBwatQ
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。990Please respect copyright.PENANA7u44VKKHTA
990Please respect copyright.PENANAwkMoahSRzi
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。990Please respect copyright.PENANAj2xvCGVkiz
990Please respect copyright.PENANAU4grUpDtKE
990Please respect copyright.PENANADWvNspxfqy
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。990Please respect copyright.PENANAzQoQLQgPuL990Please respect copyright.PENANAyrLhFnql9y
990Please respect copyright.PENANAIcY2W7ZaHv
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。990Please respect copyright.PENANAPI5G8GINpE
990Please respect copyright.PENANAxtDD8hLMxO
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。990Please respect copyright.PENANAzFkNUp0bwd
990Please respect copyright.PENANArPZExMNPlK
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc990Please respect copyright.PENANA2uB4AkmYcA
990Please respect copyright.PENANAiffTWyXzBU
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。990Please respect copyright.PENANA7dVRAfYERK
990Please respect copyright.PENANAl075xUkMAN
Link:990Please respect copyright.PENANAg60eg1CpHS
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio990Please respect copyright.PENANAYWh85LrLXw
990Please respect copyright.PENANADbTlnc9e68
990Please respect copyright.PENANA8u4VHsH5MR
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。990Please respect copyright.PENANAu3neNoWolz
990Please respect copyright.PENANAXQLlTFZAXk
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514990Please respect copyright.PENANAmOSBYq0Iw9
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
Author:
薯仔聞茱莉

ISSUE #51
深入淺出–以化學角度審視吶喊名畫
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