吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。993Please respect copyright.PENANAmiTb8Jnnsa993Please respect copyright.PENANAHQ7kBo64iM
993Please respect copyright.PENANAhYu4g6sHgD
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。993Please respect copyright.PENANABUCMX91n2o
993Please respect copyright.PENANAjgWDb9PR9t
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。993Please respect copyright.PENANAzeIX6a5X6L
993Please respect copyright.PENANAy4RMc4EYPD
993Please respect copyright.PENANAim4N1DpcuF
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。993Please respect copyright.PENANAn6lgCzz6YJ993Please respect copyright.PENANAuGQPClRgTU
993Please respect copyright.PENANApOdR6fDljc
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。993Please respect copyright.PENANApxhatfoRGq
993Please respect copyright.PENANAqoVaKR6yJt
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。993Please respect copyright.PENANA0ttnbEAyo6
993Please respect copyright.PENANAJ8ogd8cMd3
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。993Please respect copyright.PENANAQ1kkvSVqlA
993Please respect copyright.PENANAwM3TFuudQF
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。993Please respect copyright.PENANAjaDJPZOp5d
993Please respect copyright.PENANAjJubA0z7oT
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。993Please respect copyright.PENANA3eXoU255Wr
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。993Please respect copyright.PENANAr8YSzcnfaS
993Please respect copyright.PENANAIYnuPuqLzG
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。993Please respect copyright.PENANAZmvILVVnKm993Please respect copyright.PENANAkxxbSJ1U75
993Please respect copyright.PENANAypg21wX4Bo
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。993Please respect copyright.PENANA1GlLljh8iN
993Please respect copyright.PENANAiLUcmRSeTU
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。993Please respect copyright.PENANAZ4y7nJcAgP
993Please respect copyright.PENANAoUw4baKbIG
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl993Please respect copyright.PENANAfR3Yjn54j7
綠點:CdSO4993Please respect copyright.PENANAV9cZk3tV7R
藍點:CdCO3993Please respect copyright.PENANAMFUX2Eps4p
993Please respect copyright.PENANAsE98WOFDVU
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。993Please respect copyright.PENANAMC0UxxYx3M
993Please respect copyright.PENANAEjm2sbZ7I3
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。993Please respect copyright.PENANACPk8IoMNpz993Please respect copyright.PENANA7x4gb3Dmn7
993Please respect copyright.PENANAPeiUJr2JFE
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。993Please respect copyright.PENANADxSaq6fNml
993Please respect copyright.PENANAA6xWvXpOUW
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。993Please respect copyright.PENANA2ynQHMob8b
993Please respect copyright.PENANAngeVxFk6oE
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。993Please respect copyright.PENANAPxAcWECgLA
993Please respect copyright.PENANAyaYt9eX2uk
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。993Please respect copyright.PENANAS32yx4WKU4
993Please respect copyright.PENANAOLGLCF6aKb
993Please respect copyright.PENANAEupKi3ooRp
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。993Please respect copyright.PENANAqz5jwyVAzx993Please respect copyright.PENANApfV166ykaV
993Please respect copyright.PENANAYI5vExzRW8
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。993Please respect copyright.PENANAW38QMpAKLv
993Please respect copyright.PENANAYlv8feFM4W
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。993Please respect copyright.PENANACtDJDwPvDy
993Please respect copyright.PENANAyuxi6UPcez
993Please respect copyright.PENANAjfVuR6wSm5
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。993Please respect copyright.PENANAiwdlbfohIS993Please respect copyright.PENANAWRocsg5FcE
993Please respect copyright.PENANArh2OwYIF8e
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。993Please respect copyright.PENANAuDjZSN9ZwA
993Please respect copyright.PENANANQROnK7c9F
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。993Please respect copyright.PENANAp9EflJOCQr
993Please respect copyright.PENANAK1emYBIKcC
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc993Please respect copyright.PENANA6RKMgFNX5a
993Please respect copyright.PENANApL9Nkg0y08
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。993Please respect copyright.PENANAtuIIEDK6Ze
993Please respect copyright.PENANAqyOTOqd6KF
Link:993Please respect copyright.PENANAYPJpVWsu5g
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio993Please respect copyright.PENANAkM5HwGW732
993Please respect copyright.PENANAORKTBLVYno
993Please respect copyright.PENANAS43uVlsul3
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。993Please respect copyright.PENANAU87cfrlxoo
993Please respect copyright.PENANAfCJyt0iPOk
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514993Please respect copyright.PENANAdrpexJdSSV
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
Author:
薯仔聞茱莉

ISSUE #51
深入淺出–以化學角度審視吶喊名畫
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