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喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下156Please respect copyright.PENANAnpWBYDwGHC
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報156Please respect copyright.PENANA8dMGtXgjmv
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸156Please respect copyright.PENANAXQBt8WPddY
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網156Please respect copyright.PENANAYNOlM8vF2R
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦156Please respect copyright.PENANApWps49QfCp
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞156Please respect copyright.PENANA88uwfKzDMq
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咁既然唔係亞洲156Please respect copyright.PENANA4M9M2jOPXF
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料156Please respect copyright.PENANACpzSWDZImX
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀156Please respect copyright.PENANAn8gfPbHUIj
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦156Please respect copyright.PENANAvJP5FHHBWt
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下156Please respect copyright.PENANAwpu6aiDiEH
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇156Please respect copyright.PENANA9F5nhRkdj4
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時156Please respect copyright.PENANAWGUhlryHQu
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地156Please respect copyright.PENANAIYafQIJ2yw
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力156Please respect copyright.PENANAQv3NTrp6Vq
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累156Please respect copyright.PENANATttvrwsWHo
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖156Please respect copyright.PENANA0ZHR928uRl
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗156Please respect copyright.PENANAUk4ZTTERh2
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多156Please respect copyright.PENANAIZ1uscto49
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易156Please respect copyright.PENANAuNmDIm00ID
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水156Please respect copyright.PENANAMWrOx7icB8
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度156Please respect copyright.PENANAgO1cYfHSXc
同環繞赤道一周差唔多156Please respect copyright.PENANAAD4YMO7PQT
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲156Please respect copyright.PENANAhdwCvuFuDU
萬一有咩阻滯156Please respect copyright.PENANAurw8XNeeoX
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道156Please respect copyright.PENANAksXksU309T
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢156Please respect copyright.PENANAbISnDrNGOj
就仆得街喇156Please respect copyright.PENANA7x5FGbad2w
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年156Please respect copyright.PENANA1iPnUdbVPH
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得156Please respect copyright.PENANA5X3r06wHJb
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天156Please respect copyright.PENANA6bmjfUl22u
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非156Please respect copyright.PENANAtgaS10y3U9
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年156Please respect copyright.PENANAhy0tLCoTZW
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生156Please respect copyright.PENANAOXiFNZm40n
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺156Please respect copyright.PENANAGF0bq9VzwS
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等156Please respect copyright.PENANADepBa82nV4
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)156Please respect copyright.PENANA2WJYU3Nihn
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支156Please respect copyright.PENANARQ8bG0RcYu
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊156Please respect copyright.PENANAkESFveXxZu
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢156Please respect copyright.PENANAm2XMEzDdgJ
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講156Please respect copyright.PENANAihI7MarqpC
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉156Please respect copyright.PENANALqBE8d0sQh
就算食到都消化不良啦156Please respect copyright.PENANAIAS9jqHZrD
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站156Please respect copyright.PENANAzU5qUwECMS
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向156Please respect copyright.PENANA3pWwIteXOD
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞156Please respect copyright.PENANAzeLPBYiZGd
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多156Please respect copyright.PENANA0AMtkeuGaE
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:156Please respect copyright.PENANAFOoF5lM6hf
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢156Please respect copyright.PENANAq0MpS1wzsM
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫156Please respect copyright.PENANA8XqVkeTbUw
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近156Please respect copyright.PENANA6vUcY4jKVO
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎156Please respect copyright.PENANAuMo8Nr4zud
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力156Please respect copyright.PENANAfvYccJl1vr
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁156Please respect copyright.PENANAbDeidEj3Sm
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩156Please respect copyright.PENANA5ks5dRkoNe
美洲有耕地156Please respect copyright.PENANAVzy7OOC2o0
非洲有人力156Please respect copyright.PENANAnkaJuYsOgz
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心156Please respect copyright.PENANAFyKXEgBORJ
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦156Please respect copyright.PENANAbDObLaqKiC
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢156Please respect copyright.PENANAY2fA0RwypK
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼156Please respect copyright.PENANAVVLw10e9VZ
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢156Please respect copyright.PENANAbOAZHcUBki
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國156Please respect copyright.PENANAVnDirT0qUz
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦156Please respect copyright.PENANAJWaQ31Utiy
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行156Please respect copyright.PENANASNfxShDtuU
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣156Please respect copyright.PENANA2uFzaK7L0x
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴156Please respect copyright.PENANAoOBvR5F5iH
由此激發各國投入人力物力156Please respect copyright.PENANAQ7QUrDctoW
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器156Please respect copyright.PENANAeCnusuek17
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船156Please respect copyright.PENANAlkykdMvSWl
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展156Please respect copyright.PENANAlyQsbnO16d
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等156Please respect copyright.PENANA9TSbMSXMqV
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話156Please respect copyright.PENANAtnwkULl58F
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易156Please respect copyright.PENANA1OfffdC5LA
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲156Please respect copyright.PENANAdkDNk92Mn3為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度156Please respect copyright.PENANA7VMVv8zIYY
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:156Please respect copyright.PENANAW6lrGhVq9k
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?156Please respect copyright.PENANAjx5HdXoPM4
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒156Please respect copyright.PENANAyZ227SCaio
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀156Please respect copyright.PENANAZQsej7kwRR
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢156Please respect copyright.PENANAREK6SVWYod
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成156Please respect copyright.PENANAflGsCJvkMi
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉156Please respect copyright.PENANAPysZ9dhFZB
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現156Please respect copyright.PENANASzCb0KkzmZ
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲156Please respect copyright.PENANAxnqKAXjTwZ
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉156Please respect copyright.PENANAf9uwt7nZa7
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團156Please respect copyright.PENANAOFoqfeoiZ1
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議156Please respect copyright.PENANANXizpsJOJ4
準備選出新教宗喇156Please respect copyright.PENANA2TMItWss46
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖156Please respect copyright.PENANADhLOLDanLR
自16世紀起156Please respect copyright.PENANAXfpPeHgv4C
呢個小圈子選舉156Please respect copyright.PENANAaFG0gaBBwx
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控156Please respect copyright.PENANAKZeTR1aMZp
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益156Please respect copyright.PENANAvgEZCsJhE4
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營156Please respect copyright.PENANAAw3pLG2off
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤156Please respect copyright.PENANAIm9y0CCmvI
有時仲會大打出手156Please respect copyright.PENANAQ2EIYM5w2O
好似1605年3月嗰次156Please respect copyright.PENANA9mQ9r7uDXQ
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨156Please respect copyright.PENANAt6eYVlodJQ
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈156Please respect copyright.PENANAfLcvPjqgj4
不過呢個唔係今集重點156Please respect copyright.PENANAKSd9aNiD4T
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇156Please respect copyright.PENANAgBxtg74Q4S
我直接講個結果:156Please respect copyright.PENANAg03l5eG2m8
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗156Please respect copyright.PENANAcBMc6jeizA
法號伍朋八世156Please respect copyright.PENANAbDNl3bI29Z
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員156Please respect copyright.PENANArG0ENvB6RF
…156Please respect copyright.PENANArBmtm6QF4C
..156Please respect copyright.PENANAY9VY5UEjdC
.156Please respect copyright.PENANAwLBjPq8SN7
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???156Please respect copyright.PENANAvhBn9403xW
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦156Please respect copyright.PENANAxJSAk3rwFO
佢地其實係病死嘅156Please respect copyright.PENANAB2cvOdbe7b
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"156Please respect copyright.PENANAPQDYCPNVqm
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇156Please respect copyright.PENANAEmqa0OB9H1
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播156Please respect copyright.PENANAzlQzNgjsFa
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時156Please respect copyright.PENANA9XvxmA805N
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味156Please respect copyright.PENANAf3dFT1ybOJ
係會令人發燒同病死156Please respect copyright.PENANAnE8EURvd3H
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾156Please respect copyright.PENANAPGDSX99RhN
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後156Please respect copyright.PENANASIQFUXTAtF
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘156Please respect copyright.PENANAAVSYc2ooxR
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體156Please respect copyright.PENANATMQe7zn6sG
帶返去羅馬本土喇156Please respect copyright.PENANANqIZYFiIjU
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶156Please respect copyright.PENANADMWqNZeLT4
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖156Please respect copyright.PENANAWmsiyrQv3H
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地156Please respect copyright.PENANAG2VJAPlJ32
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣156Please respect copyright.PENANA3gTytDiJJb
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時156Please respect copyright.PENANAq2y9MmEKhG
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命156Please respect copyright.PENANAKWeDhYRZo0
額我略十五世唔遲唔早156Please respect copyright.PENANAXKmNSuctoP
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋156Please respect copyright.PENANAbZOI6GKf1p
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇156Please respect copyright.PENANA6NVG8NHz5o
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世156Please respect copyright.PENANAbSNN9NsnSV
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召156Please respect copyright.PENANAUlK02iYA5O
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦156Please respect copyright.PENANAvpPW3byitJ
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病156Please respect copyright.PENANAC4CiCKXbYE
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史156Please respect copyright.PENANAt5dBxhHewm
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦156Please respect copyright.PENANAEmyMsKikIT
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾156Please respect copyright.PENANAZL1UZcaAGJ
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法156Please respect copyright.PENANAUQqFOOZb7g
真係唔醫好過醫156Please respect copyright.PENANAJVHOn5S9yM
不過喺呢個大航海時代156Please respect copyright.PENANAw8C5obctW0
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢156Please respect copyright.PENANAgrLgR28eHl
16世紀起156Please respect copyright.PENANAUUHoIjV27o
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊156Please respect copyright.PENANAML6qZMs71o
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲156Please respect copyright.PENANAX6VrhHgxsP
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛156Please respect copyright.PENANAXm8HN3VUfB
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人156Please respect copyright.PENANARftGvsJRzF
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣156Please respect copyright.PENANAQ07plW9qAC
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目156Please respect copyright.PENANANz0vs8OX6m
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材156Please respect copyright.PENANAmoq3q1K1Mp
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英156Please respect copyright.PENANAKPu2FI1lVu
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落156Please respect copyright.PENANATxfFPBAYdC
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦156Please respect copyright.PENANANETc4rs118
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情156Please respect copyright.PENANAwoYpl2bpAP
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....156Please respect copyright.PENANATxM5tuLXGf
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸156Please respect copyright.PENANAOBgiPkbbQo
喺呢個地理大發現時代156Please respect copyright.PENANAtOuhWL5qzQ
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置156Please respect copyright.PENANAtfRwcWFoGW
呢個故事嘅主要成份156Please respect copyright.PENANAPkEvJcxDfD
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初156Please respect copyright.PENANAvxd5HkDtLg
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬156Please respect copyright.PENANAuprEaQt25y
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後156Please respect copyright.PENANArM7u2gU0zg
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土156Please respect copyright.PENANAcIccedu5Rf
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場156Please respect copyright.PENANAb1VgzwvVFJ
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就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
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哥倫布大轉移
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西非各國
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要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵156Please respect copyright.PENANA7GwijaY1kG
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉156Please respect copyright.PENANAqfIjxA8BXR
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病156Please respect copyright.PENANA9GechZeRht
服從性有幾高可想而知156Please respect copyright.PENANAK4X6nMg3l6
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫156Please respect copyright.PENANA14bMycF6ZM
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話156Please respect copyright.PENANAeiXdxZ16HW
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講156Please respect copyright.PENANAr96WWeYoe1
無疑係甘上加甘156Please respect copyright.PENANA6U5ZsDSnwY
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢156Please respect copyright.PENANAZ2Ga2PKN72
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000156Please respect copyright.PENANAZ68Jr5QDnr
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度156Please respect copyright.PENANA5bC2BmHfiJ
錢就使咗效果又冇156Please respect copyright.PENANA9fcxiuUpPy
咁點搞?156Please respect copyright.PENANA1NjJBYhC5v
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”156Please respect copyright.PENANAm3XnxGCNsp
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案156Please respect copyright.PENANAzyzGpJuYQ1
作為糖嘅發源地156Please respect copyright.PENANAWd9ryLs45u
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像156Please respect copyright.PENANANssRiST0uR
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右156Please respect copyright.PENANACPFfPxlcKQ
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官156Please respect copyright.PENANA9BzzYyvDkL
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:156Please respect copyright.PENANADRftOOh2wK
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧156Please respect copyright.PENANAJ1KxdB8T51
溶入高濃度糖水156Please respect copyright.PENANAJgAQqYoKOP
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮156Please respect copyright.PENANAOzbpoTmA08
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿156Please respect copyright.PENANAQu776hRTJm
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度156Please respect copyright.PENANALUfDOxotnA
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇156Please respect copyright.PENANAFPtaq0MRQm
啲軍官再進一步156Please respect copyright.PENANAhpPu7Ui7Db
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒156Please respect copyright.PENANA2u8azgIuq0
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
156Please respect copyright.PENANAhAPDdkJBun
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆156Please respect copyright.PENANA8kcOeqclhq
法國人曾經試過用紅酒156Please respect copyright.PENANAzTwDnj4I46
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪156Please respect copyright.PENANAGTy4LwtKEK
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水156Please respect copyright.PENANAbsDbVmpkqi
味道完全唔融和156Please respect copyright.PENANABJwTi2cIOA
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味156Please respect copyright.PENANAQgFDC6oJVo
後來研究發現156Please respect copyright.PENANAXaVc7lUwyZ
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份156Please respect copyright.PENANAH9Pbi7xKph
同奎寧結合成聚合體156Please respect copyright.PENANAhw56UTWg60
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道156Please respect copyright.PENANAeyerkFEYLC
呢個偶然嘅發現156Please respect copyright.PENANAguKHRTU0Op
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎156Please respect copyright.PENANArPDJSQhFDH
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵156Please respect copyright.PENANAItRkNkOvWs
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧156Please respect copyright.PENANAZlHwH2D33r
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥156Please respect copyright.PENANANqnagmkokP
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品156Please respect copyright.PENANA3FscFrCikL
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度156Please respect copyright.PENANAToUstNiNFR
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品156Please respect copyright.PENANADpiSIyjRjv
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)156Please respect copyright.PENANA6GyB6Zen4J
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水156Please respect copyright.PENANALfBinZFtYw
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水156Please respect copyright.PENANAvuvRKUxFLp
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命156Please respect copyright.PENANAQ6mhq0VPFy
例如喺1875年156Please respect copyright.PENANATiqo0lRYS9
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率156Please respect copyright.PENANABEV2JFZ2Ep
已經跌到去1.5%156Please respect copyright.PENANA2xp0Nk0hyo
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面156Please respect copyright.PENANAlYD897ZPF6
下集會講吓156Please respect copyright.PENANACLmDMn1gBi
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥156Please respect copyright.PENANAyOsXmFI4NY
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運156Please respect copyright.PENANAjxubQv3DnJ156Please respect copyright.PENANA7ek0uVANia